1. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Treatment
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare but serious skin condition. Recent research has achieved an important breakthrough in curing this life-threatening disease.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by widespread skin and mucosal detachment, usually triggered by medications and has a high mortality rate of around 30 percent.
2. Turritopsis dohrnii: The Immortal Jellyfish
scientists have turned their attention to a unique marine creature known as Turritopsis dohrnii, or the immortal jellyfish. This jellyfish can reverse its ageing process, presenting an extraordinary biological phenomenon.
The life cycle of Turritopsis dohrnii begins as a larva. It develops into a polyp, which resembles a tiny anemone. Finally, it matures into an adult medusa. Under normal circumstances, this cycle is similar to other jellyfish. However, this species has a unique ability to revert to the polyp stage.
3. Antariksha Abhyas: India’s First-Ever Space Exercise
India is hosting an important military exercise called Antariksha Abhyas from 11 to 13 November 2024. This event focuses on the security of space-based assets and services. It marks a pioneering effort by the Defence Space Agency to address the growing threats in space. The exercise aims to integrate India’s space capabilities with military operations.
4. Dicliptera polymorpha: New Fire-Resilient Plant Species Discovered
The Western Ghats of India is a biodiversity hotspot. Recently, scientists discovered a new plant species there. This species, named Dicliptera polymorpha, thrives in grasslands. It has a unique dual-blooming pattern triggered by grassland fires. This discovery contributes to the region’s rich biodiversity.
Discovery Team and Context
The discovery was made by a team from the Agharkar Research Institute (ARI) in Pune.
Dicliptera polymorpha is notable for its fire-resilient nature. It blooms twice a year, with the first flowering phase occurring from November to April. The second phase happens in May and June, triggered by local grassland fires. This plant showcases an unusual inflorescence structure known as spicate inflorescences. It is the only Indian species with this structure, with closest relatives found in Africa.
5. IISc Scientists Discover a Method to Break Down Biofilm Barriers
Recent research from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has revealed a novel approach to combat antibiotic resistance. The study focuses on breaking down biofilm barriers that protect disease-causing bacteria. Biofilms are secreted by bacteria and act as formidable shields against drug penetration. This discovery has important implications for treating infections caused by opportunistic pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae.
About Biofilms
Biofilms are complex structures formed by bacteria. They consist of sugars, fats, proteins, and DNA. These layers create a protective environment for bacteria, making them resilient to antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae is notorious for forming such biofilms, leading to severe hospital-acquired infections.
6. What is Arrow-3 Missile Interception System?
Israel’s Defence Ministry is enhancing military collaboration with Germany. The focus is on deploying the Arrow-3 missile interception system in Germany by 2025. This initiative follows recent geopolitical tensions in Europe, particularly due to Russia’s actions in Ukraine. Increased defence spending across Europe has prompted this partnership.
Arrow Missile System Overview
The Arrow missile system is designed to intercept long-range ballistic missiles. It consists of two main components – Arrow-2 and Arrow-3 interceptors. The system was developed through a collaboration between Israel and the United States. Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) serves as the prime contractor for this project.
7. What is Kayakalp Scheme?
It is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) on May 15, 2015, under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to promote cleanliness and enhance the quality of healthcare facilities in India.
Objectives:
To promote cleanliness, hygiene, infection control, and environment-friendly practices in Public Health Facilities (PHFs).
To incentivise and recognise PHFs that show exemplary performance in adhering to standard cleanliness and infection control protocols.
To inculcate a culture of ongoing assessment and peer review of performance related to hygiene, cleanliness, and sanitation.
To create and share sustainable practices related to improved cleanliness in PHFs linked to positive health outcomes.
The Kayakalp assessment is a three-tier process involving internal, peer, and external assessment. At the beginning of each financial year, a health facility is assessed, scored, and documented using the pre-defined assessment tool.
8. National Education Day is Observed on November 11
November 11 marks an important day in India. It honors Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first Education Minister of independent India. This day emphasizes the vital role of education in shaping the nation’s future. With a youthful population, the focus on quality education is paramount.
9. LignoSat: First Wooden Satellite Launches for Space Testing
On November 5, 2024, the world witnessed a groundbreaking event. The first wood-panelled satellite, named LignoSat, was launched into space. This tiny spacecraft aims to explore the viability of timber as a renewable building material for future space missions. Developed by Kyoto University in collaboration with Sumitomo Forestry, LignoSat arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule.
What is LignoSat?
LignoSat is a compact satellite measuring just 10 centimetres on each side and weighing 900 grams. It is constructed from panels made of magnolia wood. The design employs traditional Japanese craftsmanship without screws or glue. The name “LignoSat” derives from the Latin word for wood, denoting its unique composition.
10. Tensions Rise in South China Sea Dispute
11. INSV Tarini Completes Historic Voyage to Australia
The Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Tarini has successfully completed a 39-day voyage. This journey began on October 2, 2024, from Goa. The expedition is part of the Navika Sagar Parikrama II initiative. It aims to promote gender equality and enhance global maritime cooperation.
Expedition Overview
The INSV Tarini was flagged off by Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi. The vessel covered a distance of 4900 nautical miles. It crossed important geographical points, including the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The crew comprised two female officers, Lt Cdr Dilna K and Lt Cdr Roopa A.
12. NAWO-DHAN: New Horticulture Agribusiness Initiative
The Agriculture department is initiating a pilot project under the NAWO-DHAN scheme. This project aims to enhance horticulture agribusiness. It targets land owners and cultivators who have shown interest. An expression of interest (EoI) was released in October. So far, 22 land owners and 149 cultivators have responded. The response includes offers for 1,600 acres across 11 districts.
Project Overview
NAWO-DHAN stands for New Agriculture Wealth Opportunities Driving Horticulture Agribusiness Networking. The project focuses on increasing food crop production in Kerala. It aims to utilise land that is currently fallow or unused. The initiative will engage farmer groups through Service Level Agreements (SLA). This approach treats farming as a service, ensuring no transfer of land ownership.
13. India-Australia Joint Military Exercise “AUSTRAHIND” Begins
Exercise AUSTRAHIND has commenced in Pune, Maharashtra. This joint military exercise runs from 8th to 21st November 2024. It involves troops from India and Australia. The exercise takes place annually, alternating between the two nations. The last edition occurred in Australia in December 2023.
14. UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2024
The UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2024 reveals a troubling reality. Despite progress in school enrolment, 251 million children and youth remain out of school. The report marks a mere 1% reduction in the out-of-school population over nearly a decade. This stagnation is alarming, especially given the rising completion rates in secondary education. Urgent measures are necessary to address educational disparities.
15. Adaptation Gap Report 2024
The Adaptation Gap Report 2024 marks the urgent need for enhanced climate adaptation efforts globally. Vulnerable nations face increasing climate impacts. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stresses the importance of financial commitments at COP29. Current adaptation financing is insufficient to meet the needs of developing countries.
16. Allulose – The Rising Sweetener in South Korea
Allulose is gaining traction in South Korea. It is a potential competitor to traditional sugar substitutes like stevia. Local influencers and major food companies are embracing this sweetener. Allulose is naturally found in fruits such as figs and kiwis. Regulatory bodies in both the U.S. and South Korea have approved its use.
Availability and Cost
In South Korea, allulose is widely available in supermarkets. A 700 ml bottle costs less than 10,000 won (approximately $7.26). Despite being four times more expensive than table sugar, its popularity is growing. Consumers appreciate its taste, which is similar to that of table sugar. Allulose is reported to be 70% as sweet as sugar. It is almost calorie-free, making it appealing to those seeking healthier alternatives. Influencers highlight its taste as an important advantage over other sweeteners.
17. Anil Pradhan wins Rohini Nayyar Prize for Rural STEM Education
Anil Pradhan, a 28-year-old engineer from Odisha, has recently received the Rohini Nayyar Prize. This award recognizes his important contributions to rural development through STEM education. Pradhan is the co-founder of the Young Tinker Foundation. His innovative project, ‘Tinker-on-Wheels’, has transformed learning experiences for students in rural India.
The Rohini Nayyar Prize Overview
The Rohini Nayyar Prize honors individuals under 40. It is awarded for outstanding contributions to rural development. The prize includes a cash award of ₹10 lakh, a citation, and a trophy. It was established in memory of Rohini Nayyar, a prominent economist. Nayyar’s legacy includes teaching, administrative roles, and contributions to rural development.
18. First scientific findings of Aditya-L1 Mission
1. The first scientific result from India’s Aditya-L1 mission has been unveiled, marking a significant milestone in solar research.
2. The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) which is the primary instrument onboard Aditya-L1 has successfully captured data allowing scientists to estimate the precise onset time of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun.
3. This accomplishment is noteworthy because CMEs are powerful solar eruptions that can impact Earth’s space environment, disrupting satellite electronics and communication networks.
About Aditya-L1
1. Aditya-L1 was launched on September 2, 2023, by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
2. It is India’s first mission dedicated to solar observation.
3. VELC plays a crucial role in monitoring solar activities by observing CMEs and other energetic solar phenomena.
4. These eruptions are often visible only after they have moved some distance away from the Sun’s surface, but VELC’s unique spectroscopic capabilities allow scientists to study CMEs close to the Sun’s surface itself for the first time.
5. Scientists highlighted that VELC’s observations bring unique insights into the thermodynamic properties of CMEs near the Sun, offering a closer view of their source regions.
18. VAJRA PRAHAR Exercise
Recently, the Indian Army departed for the VAJRA PRAHAR Exercise with the US.
About VAJRA PRAHAR Exercise
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. This is the 15th edition of the India-US joint Special Forces exercise VAJRA PRAHAR.2. The previous edition was conducted at Umroi, Meghalaya in December 2023.3. It is the second joint exercise between the Indian and US Army in 2024, following Exercise YUDH ABHYAS held in Rajasthan in September. |
Location of Exercise | Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho, USA |
Duration | November 2 – November 22, 2024 |
Participants | Each contingent consists of 45 personnel.Indian Army represented by Special Forces units and US Army represented by Green Berets. |
Objectives of Exercise | i) Strengthen military cooperation and partnership between India and the US.ii) Enhance interoperability, joint tactics, and mutual understanding in special operations. |
Focus Areas of Training | i) Physical Fitness: Emphasis on maintaining high levels of physical preparedness.ii) Joint Planning and Tactical Drills: Collaborative strategies for mission execution.iii) Special Operations Tactics: Des ii) ert and semi-desert operations. |
Expected Outcomes | i) Improved combined capabilities for joint Special Forces Operations.ii) Exchange of best practices and operational experiences.iii) Development of camaraderie and mutual trust between the forces. |
19. Indigenous Development of Silicon Carbide and GaN HEMT Technology
Why in news?
The Solid State Physics Laboratory, a DRDO laboratory, has successfully developed indigenous processes for growing and manufacturing 4-inch diameter Silicon Carbide (SiC) wafers, which are essential for high-performance and durable semiconductor applications.
About Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC)
1. Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) are two wide-bandgap semiconductor materials that have revolutionized the power electronics industry due to their high-efficiency capabilities in power conversion, high-temperature operation, and fast-switching applications.
2. Significance of GaN/SiC Technology:
i) Key Enabler for Future Applications: The GaN/SiC technology is crucial for advancements across defense, aerospace, and clean energy.
ii) Enhanced System Efficiency and Portability: It enables improvements in efficiency, reduced weight, and compact size, making it ideal for modern combat systems, RADARS, and electronic warfare applications.
3. Applications Across Sectors
i) Military and Commercial Use: It supports intelligence, reconnaissance, communications, and unmanned systems for military and commercial sectors.
ii) Impact on Renewable Energy and EVs: It is lighter amd more efficient power supplies benefit electric vehicles and green energy solutions.
4. Production: Indigenous GaN/SiC-based MMIC production has begun and this will enable applications in advanced strategic systems, space, aerospace, 5G, and satellite communications.
5. Strategic Importance: This achievement boosts India’s self-reliance in semiconductor technology, marking a milestone toward a more self-sufficient tech ecosystem.
It has also fabricated Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) with power handling capability up to 150W and Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) with power capability up to 40W for applications up to X-band frequencies, thus enhancing performance across defense and commercial sectors.
20. Prison discrimination and inequality
What is the Supreme Court’s stand on caste-based segregation in prisons?
In Sukanya Shantha v. Union of India (2024), the Supreme Court struck down prison rules segregating prisoners by caste.
These rules forced marginalized caste prisoners to perform cleaning jobs while others did cooking.
The Court held this violated Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution.
It directed states to amend such discriminatory practices to ensure equality and dignity.
How has the Supreme Court addressed other types of prisoner segregation?
In Inacio Manuel Miranda v. State (1988), a rule limiting the number of letters prisoners could write based on classification was held discriminatory.
Similarly, in Madhukar Bhagwan Jambhale v. State of Maharashtra (1984), a ban on writing letters to co-prisoners was struck down for violating freedom of expression.
In Prem Shankar Shukla (1980), economic status-based handcuff rules were invalidated for being irrational.
What about the classification of political prisoners?
The Calcutta High Court ruled on this in Gaur Narayan Chakraborty and Others (2012):
Maoist petitioners were classified as political prisoners under the West Bengal Correctional Services Act, 1992.
The Court held political prisoners deserved basic amenities like furniture, newspapers, and writing material.
It suggested these amenities should extend to all prisoners to ensure dignity.
What is the way forward for prison reforms?
Amendments to the Model Prison Manual 2016 should include basic amenities for all prisoners, ensuring dignity.
These reforms can eliminate discriminatory practices and improve living conditions in Indian prisons.
21. First Digital Population Clock Launched
Why in news?
Recently, Bengaluru has introduced its first digital population clock at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC). This clock provides real-time population estimates, focusing on Karnataka and India.
About First Digital Population Clock Launched
1. The initiative is a collaboration between ISEC and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).
2. Purpose: The main aim is to raise awareness of population dynamics among citizens.
3. Objectives: The clock provides reliable and updated demographic data, essential for research and planning. It serves as a tool to boost awareness of demographic changes and trends in real-time.
4. Clock Functionality: The clock is installed prominently at the entrance of ISEC for easy visibility. Karnataka’s population estimate updates every minute and 10 seconds, reflecting regional growth patterns.
India’s total population estimate ticks up every two seconds, providing a continuous update on national demographics.
5. Benefits of Real-Time Demographic Data:
i) It supports informed policy-making and strategic planning with up-to-date data.
ii) It enhances research efforts by providing accurate and immediate demographic insights.
iii) It aims to foster public engagement and awareness regarding population trends and challenges.
22. PyPIM Platform
Why in news?
Recently, Israeli researchers from the Israel Institute of Technology have created software enabling computers to process data directly within memory, bypassing the need for a central processing unit (CPU).
About PyPIM Platform
1. About: PyPIM Platform is a platform combining Python programming with digital processing-in-memory (PIM) technology, to facilitate in-memory computing.
2. Functionality and Compatibility: PyPIM includes new instructions that allow certain computations to be executed directly in memory, enabling developers to use familiar programming languages, such as Python, for PIM-based computing systems.
3. It tackles the “memory wall” issue, where CPU and memory speeds surpass the data transfer rates, creating energy and time bottlenecks in modern computing.
4. Performance Simulation: A simulation tool is also provided within the platform to help developers assess potential performance gains from using in-memory processing.
5. By performing computations directly in memory, the technology minimizes the energy-intensive and time-consuming data transfers between the memory and CPU, achieving significant time and energy savings.
Demonstrated Benefits: Studies showed that tasks performed using PyPIM achieved faster processing with minimal changes in code, demonstrating the platform’s ease of use and performance advantage in mathematical and algorithmic applications.
23. 2nd Edition of Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF)
Why in news?
The 2nd annual IMHF will commence in New Delhi on November 8, 2024, spanning two days.
About 2nd Edition of Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF)
1. The second edition of the Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF) was held on November 8–9, 2024, at the India International Centre in New Delhi.
2. It was organized by the United Service Institution of India (USI). It is the country’s oldest defense think tank.
3. Aim: The festival aimed to engage global and Indian think tanks, corporations, public and private sector undertakings, non-profits, academicians, and research scholars focusing on India’s national security, foreign policy, military history, and military heritage.
4. Purpose: It is to engage global and Indian think tanks, corporations, public and private sector entities, non-profits, academicians, and research scholars.
5. Scope: It focusses on India’s national security, foreign policy, military history, and military heritage.
About Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’
1. This initiative is a collaboration between the Department of Military Affairs and the United Service Institution (USI) of India.
2. It aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through education and tourism.
3. Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ focuses on educational initiatives and tourism to raise awareness of the nation’s defense history among citizens and visitors. The project seeks to instill a sense of pride and understanding of the country’s military legacy.
24. Black-footed ferret
Why in news?
Recently, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (NZCBI) researchers successfully witnessed the birth of two black-footed ferret kits by a cloned mother. This birth is significant for conservation efforts, as black-footed ferrets are one of the most endangered mammals in North America, with an estimated 370 left in the wild.
About black-footed ferret
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is a rare and only native ferret species to North America’s prairies.2. This slender, weasel-like animal is the only ferret species native to North America and is known for its distinct black face mask, black-tipped tail, and black feet, which give it its name.3. These ferrets are solitary by nature, coming together only for breeding or when females are raising their young. |
Physical Description | 1. Their fur is mostly yellow-buff with lighter areas on the belly, forehead, muzzle, and throat, while distinctive black markings cover their face, feet, and the tip of their tail.2. Their legs are short but strong, with large front paws and claws that are well-adapted for digging.3. They are equipped with large ears and eyes.4. Ferrets likely have acute hearing and sight; however, their sense of smell is considered their primary tool for locating prey underground in the dark. |
Diet | 1. About 90% of their diet consists of prairie dogs, and one ferret may consume over 100 prairie dogs each year.2. They also eat small mammals like mice, rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, and occasionally birds, reptiles, and insects. |
Communication | Highly vocal animals, black-footed ferrets use distinct sounds to communicate. A loud chatter serves as an alarm, while a hiss indicates fear or agitation.Female ferrets often whimper to encourage their young to follow. |
Conservation Status | IUCN: Endangered |
24. Agrivoltaic farming
Why in news?
The Seventh Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) concluded today in New Delhi, featuring a visit to a farm site in Najafgarh on the final day. During this visit, delegates from various countries observed the practical application of agrivoltaic systems in action.
About Agrivoltaic farming
1. Agrivoltaic farming, also known as agrophotovoltaics, combines agriculture with solar energy production by placing solar panels over crops or farmland.
2. This dual-use system leverages sunlight not only to grow plants but also to generate clean, renewable energy, enhancing land productivity.
Benefits of Agrivoltaics
1. Agrivoltaics addresses the issue of land competition between agriculture and solar farms. Instead of using land solely for solar panels or crops, it integrates both, making it especially valuable in areas with limited space.
2. This system is particularly advantageous for regions aiming to boost food and energy production without expanding land use.
3. Microclimate Benefits: The shade provided by solar panels creates a cooler microclimate beneath, which can reduce water evaporation from the soil, benefiting crops in arid regions.
4. This shade can protect certain plants from extreme heat, increasing their yield and resilience during hot, dry periods.
5. Improved Energy Efficiency: Solar panels tend to perform better when kept cool, and the plants beneath them create a cooling effect, improving the panels’ efficiency. This synergy can lead to higher energy output than standalone solar farms in certain climates, maximizing renewable energy generation.
6. Economic Incentives: Agrivoltaics offers farmers an additional income stream by generating electricity, which can be sold back to the grid or used to power farm operations, reducing energy costs.
This extra revenue can be especially valuable for small-scale or struggling farms, helping them remain financially viable and resilient against market fluctuations.
7. Challenges:
i) Despite its benefits, agrivoltaic farming has some challenges. Setting up dual-use systems requires higher initial costs and specialized infrastructure.
ii) The placement of panels must be optimized to avoid excessive shading for crops needing more sunlight.
iii)Additionally, the design must allow for agricultural machinery to navigate and access the land efficiently, which requires tailored engineering solutions.
Future Potential
Agrivoltaic farming holds substantial promise for sustainable agriculture and renewable energy production. As technology advances and costs decrease, this approach could be instrumental in meeting food and energy needs for a growing global population, particularly in regions affected by climate change.
25. Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)
Why in news?
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), which grants armed forces sweeping powers to maintain public order in “disturbed areas,” has been reimposed by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in six police station jurisdictions across five districts of Manipur.
About Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)
1. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) is a law in India that grants special powers to the armed forces in regions declared as “disturbed areas.”
2. It was enacted in 1958, initially to address insurgencies in the northeastern states, but has since been applied in other regions, including Jammu and Kashmir.
3. The Act has been a subject of significant debate, with proponents arguing for its necessity to maintain security and critics condemning it for alleged human rights violations.
Key Features of AFSPA
1. Declaration of Disturbed Area: AFSPA can only be implemented in areas declared “disturbed” by the central or state government. Factors like insurgency, terrorist activities, or communal disharmony influence such declarations.
2. Special Powers Granted: Security forces can use force, arrest individuals without a warrant, and even shoot to kill if they deem it necessary for maintaining public order. Forces can search premises without a warrant and seize property suspected to be used unlawfully.
The Act provides legal immunity to armed forces personnel from prosecution, unless the central government grants sanction.
3. Duration of Validity: Once an area is declared “disturbed,” the application of AFSPA remains until the declaration is revoked, which is reviewed periodically.
4. Regions Under AFSPA: It was originally enacted to address insurgency in states like Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, and others. Over time, some states like Tripura and Meghalaya have revoked AFSPA. AFSPA was extended to Jammu and Kashmir in 1990 due to the rise in militancy.
Judicial and Legislative Oversight
In the 1998 judgment Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of AFSPA and made the following observations:
1. The Central government can make a suo-motu declaration, but it is preferable to consult the state government beforehand.
2. Any declaration under AFSPA should be time-limited and reviewed periodically, especially after six months.
3. Officials exercising powers under AFSPA must use only the minimum force necessary for effective action.
Committees such as the Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005) recommended repealing AFSPA, suggesting its provisions be included in other laws. However, no concrete steps have been taken in this direction.
26. Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES)
Why in news?
Australia has introduced the Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES), enabling talented young professionals from India to work in the country for a specified period.
About MATES
1. MATES stands for Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES).
2. MATES aims to strengthen professional and cultural ties between India and Australia by enabling young talent to explore career opportunities, gain international experience, and contribute to innovative industries.
3. Purpose: Provides Indian university graduates and early career professionals the opportunity to work in Australia for two years.
4. Background: It was launched under the Migration and Mobility Partnership Arrangement (MMPA) signed between Australia and India on May 23, 2023.
5. Eligibility Criteria: Applicants must be 30 years or younger at the time of application. It is open only to first-time participants in MATES. Minimum overall IELTS score of 6 (or equivalent), with no less than 5 in each module.
Key Features of the MATES Visa
i) No Employer Sponsorship: Australian employer sponsorship is not required.
ii) Duration: Stay permitted for 24 months. Visa allows multiple entries and must be used for first entry within 12 months of issuance.
iii) Dependent Benefits: Participants can bring dependents (spouse and children) and dependents have work rights in Australia.
iv) Annual Limit: Pilot program allows 3,000 primary applicants per year.
Advantages of the Scheme
i) Opportunity to live and work in Australia for up to two years.
ii) Expand professional skills and networks, particularly in key industries.
iii) Flexibility to work outside the field of study.
iv) Option to apply for other temporary or permanent visas during or after the stay, subject to eligibility.
27. Birsa Munda
Why in news?
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi honored Bhagwan Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary, celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.
About Birsa Munda
1. Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was a prominent tribal leader, freedom fighter, and folk hero from India.
2. He was born on November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu village, Ranch, Jharkhand.
3. He belonged to the Munda tribe, a prominent tribal community in the Chotanagpur plateau.
4. He attended missionary schools; learned about Western education and Christianity but later rejected colonial influences.
Struggles Against British Colonial Rule
Opposition to Exploitation: He fought against the oppressive British policies and the exploitation of tribal lands by landlords (dikus) and the colonial government.
Land Rights Movement: He advocated for tribal autonomy and protection of land through the “Ulgulan” (The Great Rebellion).
Religious and Social Reforms
Spiritual Leadership: He declared himself a prophet and began preaching the message of monotheism, unity, and social reform.
Cultural Revival: He encouraged tribal people to return to their indigenous culture and reject superstitions, alcohol consumption, and missionary conversions.
Religious Movement: He founded a new faith combining tribal beliefs with elements of his revolutionary ideology.
About the Ulgulan Movement
1. He led the Ulgulan (Revolt) in the late 1890s to reclaim tribal lands from British control.
2. It was aimed to establish a self-governing tribal system and abolish feudal landlordism.
3. He organized the Mundas and other tribal communities to resist through guerrilla warfare.
4. He was arrested by British authorities in 1900 and imprisoned in Ranchi Jail, where he died on June 9, 1900 under mysterious circumstances.
Legacy
1. He played a pivotal role in inspiring the tribal identity and movements that led to the formation of Jharkhand state in 2000.
2. He was honored as “Bhagwan” n(God) by his followers and remembered as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
3. Tributes: His birth anniversary, November 15 is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day and Birsa Munda Jayanti.
28. Booker Prize 2024
Why in news?
The 2024 Booker Prize was awarded to British author Samantha Harvey for her novel Orbital. It is the first Booker Prize-winning book set in space.
About the Booker Prize
1. The 2024 Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in literature. It was established in 1969.
2. It honors the best novel written in English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland.
3. Each year, the prize is given to what the judges consider the finest sustained work of fiction written in English and published in the UK and Ireland.
4. The winner receives £50,000, in addition to the £2,500 granted to each of the six shortlisted authors.
5. Both the winner and the shortlisted authors gain worldwide recognition and can anticipate a significant boost in book sales.
28. Supreme Court judgement on “Bulldozer Justice”
Why in news?
The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment condemning the use of bulldozers by state authorities to demolish the homes of individuals accused of criminal offenses.
The court criticized the practice as an illegal and arbitrary display of power, issuing detailed directives to ensure accountability and protect due process.
Supreme Court’s Directives for Demolition Procedures
The Supreme Court invoked Article 142 of the Constitution to establish binding guidelines for state authorities to address concerns over arbitrary demolitions.
i) Notice Requirements: Authorities must provide at least 15 days’ notice before demolishing a property.
ii) Detailed Notice: The notice must specify the nature of the unauthorized construction, particular violations, and grounds for demolition.
iii) Opportunity to Respond: Owners or occupants should have a fair chance to contest the demolition before a designated authority.
iv) Reasoned Order: Final demolition orders must include reasoned conclusions. The demolition process must be recorded.
v) Consequences of Non-compliance: Violations of these guidelines could lead to contempt charges, prosecution, and restitution liabilities for responsible officials.
The court clarified that these directives would not apply to encroachments on public property or demolitions ordered by a court.
SC observations on “Collective Punishment”
Justice B.R. Gavai noted that demolishing homes as a form of “collective punishment” violated the rule of law:
i) Innocent Parties Affected: Family members, such as spouses and children, should not be penalized through demolitions without any involvement in criminal activities.
ii) Violation of Basic Rights: Destroying homes infringes on the constitutional right to life, which includes the right to shelter and dignity.
iii) Presumption of Innocence: The court emphasized that an accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
Emphasis on “Rule of Law” and “Separation of Powers”
1. Role of Judiciary: The judiciary, not the State, is empowered to determine guilt or innocence. The State cannot unilaterally impose excessive punishment, even on convicted individuals.
2. Institutional Accountability: Arbitrary exercise of power by public officials, including punitive demolitions, should be subject to judicial review.
3. Standard for Selective Demolitions: If a single property is targeted for demolition while similar nearby structures remain untouched, this could indicate malicious intent.
4. The judgment underscored the value of home ownership, stating that for many, a home is a result of years of hard work. A house represents stability, security, and future aspirations. Authorities should only consider demolition if no other alternatives exist.
30. African Elephant
Why in news?
A recent study reveals drastic declines in African elephant populations, with data spanning surveys from 475 sites across 37 African countries between 1964 and 2016.
Savanna elephant populations have declined by approximately 70% on average, and forest elephants by about 90% at the surveyed sites.
About African Elephant
Source:African Safaris Tours
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest land animal on Earth.2. It is renowned for its impressive size, intelligence, and social structure. |
Location | 1. African elephants are primarily found across sub-Saharan Africa, living in varied habitats, from savannas and deserts to forests and marshes.2. There are two subspecies of African elephants: the African bush elephant and the smaller African forest elephant, each adapted to different ecosystems. |
Physical Characteristics | 1. African elephants are massive, with males reaching heights of up to 4 meters (13 feet) at the shoulder and weighing up to 12,000 pounds.2. Females are generally smaller but are still formidable in size.3. One of their most distinctive features is their large, fan-shaped ears, which help regulate body temperature by dissipating heat.4. Unlike Asian elephants, African elephants have two “fingers” on the tips of their trunks, which allow them to grasp small objects with great dexterity.5. Both males and females have tusks, although males tend to have larger, more prominent ones. |
Diet | As herbivores, African elephants spend a significant part of their day feeding, consuming up to 300 pounds of vegetation daily.Their diet includes grasses, fruits, leaves, and bark, which they can strip from trees using their trunks and tusks. |
Ecological Role | 1. Elephants play a crucial role in shaping their environment, often referred to as a “keystone species.”2. By breaking trees, digging water holes, and dispersing seeds through their dung, elephants help maintain biodiversity in their ecosystems. |
Conservation Status | African elephants are classified as vulnerable to endangered due to threats from habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching for their ivory tusks. |
Conservation efforts | Conservation efforts include anti-poaching initiatives, habitat restoration, and community engagement programs aimed at fostering coexistence between humans and elephants. |
Key differences between African and Asian elephants:
Source: Thoughtco
1. African elephants have larger, fan-shaped ears that resemble the African continent, while Asian elephants have smaller, rounded ears.
2. Body Size: African elephants are generally larger and heavier, with males standing up to 13 feet at the shoulder, while Asian elephants are slightly smaller.
3. Head Shape: African elephants have a fuller, more rounded head, while Asian elephants have a twin-domed head with an indent in the middle.
4. Trunk: African elephants have two finger-like projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asian elephants have only one.
5. Back Shape: African elephants have a concave or saddle-shaped back, while Asian elephants have a more convex or humped back.
6. Location: African elephants are found in various parts of Africa (savannas, forests, and deserts), while Asian elephants are native to Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and parts of Indonesia.
31. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)
Why in news?
Recently, US President-elect Donald Trump has introduced a new initiative called the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk and Indian-origin entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy. This unconventional team is set to overhaul government operations and streamline expenses.
The acronym “DOGE” appears to be a nod to Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency often promoted by Musk.
Purpose of DOGE
The primary goal of DOGE is to create a leaner, more efficient government by:
1. Reducing Bureaucracy: The department aims to eliminate unnecessary layers of bureaucracy, making processes quicker and more transparent.
2. Cutting Regulations: DOGE will identify and eliminate what it views as excessive regulations that hinder efficiency.
3. Minimizing Wasteful Spending: The initiative seeks to reduce government spending, directing funds to essential services and minimizing waste.
4. Restructuring Federal Agencies: DOGE will evaluate and restructure various government departments to maximize efficiency and reduce costs.
How DOGE Will Operate
1. Advisory Role: DOGE will not be a formal government department; instead, it will act as an advisory body, partnering with the White House and the Office of Management & Budget.
2. Transparency and Public Involvement: DOGE’s activities will be posted publicly online, allowing citizens to provide feedback on areas for potential cuts or concerns.
3. Leaderboard for Wasteful Spending: DOGE plans to highlight the most frivolous government expenses to entertain and inform the public.
32. Guidelines to Prevent Misleading Advertisements in Coaching Sector
Why in news?
The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has introduced the “Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisement in Coaching Sector, 2024” to protect students and prevent deceptive marketing by coaching centers. This move aims to ensure transparency, prevent unfair practices, and support students’ rights.
Key Definitions in the Guidelines
1. “Coaching”: Covers academic support, education, and study programs but excludes counseling, sports, arts, and creative activities.
2. “Coaching Center”: Defined as any institution providing coaching to over 50 students.
3. “Endorser”: It refers to any individual endorsing coaching centers, responsible for verifying the truthfulness of their endorsements.
Highlights of the Guidelines
1. Regulation of Advertisements: It prohibits misleading claims about courses, faculty qualifications, fees, and refund policies. It bans exaggerated success rates, selection assurances, and job guarantees. It also prohibits false promises of high scores, assured admissions, and exam rankings.
2. Truthful Representation: Coaching centers must accurately represent their facilities, infrastructure, and resources.
3. Student Success Stories and Testimonials: Coaching centers cannot use student names, photos, or testimonials in advertisements without written consent post-success. This rule aims to prevent undue pressure on students to endorse centers preemptively.
4. Transparency and Disclosure: All advertisements must disclose important details like student name, rank, course details, and whether the course was paid. Disclaimers must be clear and as prominent as other key information to avoid misleading consumers.
5. Prevention of False Urgency: The guidelines prohibit tactics that create false urgency, like implying limited seats, to pressure students into quick decisions.
6. Link with National Consumer Helpline (NCH): Coaching centers must partner with NCH, allowing students to raise complaints regarding misleading practices more easily.
7. Fair Contracts: It prohibits unfair contract terms and restricts the use of successful candidate testimonials without their post-selection consent.
8. Enforcement and Penalties: Violations will be considered breaches of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, allowing the CCPA to impose penalties and ensure accountability.
CCPA Actions and Penalties
1. Enforcement: The CCPA has taken proactive action by issuing notices to 45 coaching centers for misleading advertisements, imposing fines totaling Rs. 54,60,000 on 18 coaching institutes.
2. Complaint Resolution: The NCH has registered increasing student complaints, from 4,815 in 2021-2022 to over 16,276 in 2023-2024, highlighting the rising trust in NCH’s services.
3. Refund Drive: From September 2023 to August 2024, the NCH facilitated refunds of ₹1.15 crore to students affected by misleading practices, particularly non-refunded enrollment fees.
33. Exercise ‘Sea Vigil-24’
Why in news?
Recently, the Indian Navy is to Conduct the Fourth Edition of the Coastal Defence Exercise ‘Sea Vigil-24’.
About Exercise ‘Sea Vigil-24’
Source: PIB
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. It is a Pan-India Coastal Defence Exercise from 20–21 November 2024.2. It is the fourth edition following the initial exercise held in 2018.3. It is the largest edition yet, covering India’s entire 11,098 km coastline and a vast EEZ of 2.4 million sq km. It has involvement of six Ministries and 21 different organisations and agencies.4. Participation from fishing communities, coastal populations, NCC cadets, and Bharat Scouts and Guides which aims to raise awareness about maritime security and engage local stakeholders. |
Objective | To validate and strengthen India’s coastal defence and security mechanisms |
Focus areas | 1. Security of critical coastal assets like ports, oil rigs, Single Point Moorings, and Cable Landing Points.2. Enhanced awareness about maritime security among coastal communities, including fishing populations and students. |
Feature | It emphasis on securing strategic locations, including ports, oil rigs, Single Point Moorings, Cable Landing Points, and other vital infrastructure. It focuses on coastal population security alongside critical infrastructure |
Significance | 1. It provides a holistic assessment of India’s maritime defence capabilities.2. It helps identify strengths and weaknesses in the current preparedness of maritime security agencies.3. It serves as a precursor to the Indian Navy’s biennial Theatre Level Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX). |
34. Accelerating Sustainable State Energy Transition (ASSET) Platform
Why in news?
Recently, the government launched the Accelerating Sustainable State Energy Transition (ASSET) Platform platform.
About ASSET platform
1. About: Accelerating Sustainable State Energy Transition is a pioneering initiative to accelerate India’s green energy transition across Indian states.
The ASSET platform’s alignment with national goals is a key step toward sustainable energy practices.
2. Launched by: launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
3. Aim: It aims at addressing financial and logistical challenges in renewable energy expansion by fostering private-sector participation and exploring innovative funding models to sustain growth.
4. This platform is strategically designed to empower states in developing and implementing their own energy transition blueprints, which are critical to achieving India’s overarching goals of economic growth, sustainability, and energy security.
5. Focus: Its focus on innovation and investment will help create enduring solutions, contributing significantly to India’s green future.
6. ASSET also helps establish a robust project pipeline by creating templates and guidelines that assist states in making projects “bankable”—meaning they attract private and public investment by showcasing clear value and sustainability metrics.
7. ASSET promotes knowledge-sharing by highlighting best practices, case studies, and innovations emerging across states, encouraging states to learn from each other’s successes and challenges.
This includes sectors like battery energy storage systems (BESS), green hydrogen, energy efficiency measures, e-mobility solutions, and offshore wind technology.
8. ASSET helps states keep up with new advancements, making it easier for them to adopt emerging solutions in these high-potential sectors.
35. WIPO 2024 Report
Why in news?
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) highlights India’s advances in the 2024 World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) report.
India has entered the top 10 globally for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs, reflecting its growing influence in intellectual property (IP).
Highlights of the report
1. India led the top 20 origins in 2023 with a 15.7% growth in patent applications, marking five consecutive years of double-digit increases.
2. India ranks sixth worldwide with 64,480 patent applications, over half of which (55.2%) were resident filings—a first for the nation.
3. Patent grants surged by 149.4% compared to 2022, showcasing rapid evolution in India’s IP ecosystem.
4. Industrial design applications increased by 36.4%, highlighting growth in manufacturing, product design, and creative industries. Textiles and Accessories, Tools and Machines, and Health and Cosmetics sectors contributed to nearly half of these filings.
5. Long-Term Growth in IP Filings: From 2018 to 2023, India’s patent and industrial design applications more than doubled, and trademark filings grew by 60%. India’s patent-to-GDP ratio increased from 144 to 381 over the last decade, illustrating IP growth alongside economic expansion.
6. Top Rankings in Trademarks: India ranked fourth globally in trademark filings, achieving a 6.1% increase in 2023, with nearly 90% from resident applicants.
Key sectors: Health (21.9%), Agriculture (15.3%), and Clothing (12.8%).
7. India’s trademark office holds the second-largest number of active registrations globally, with over 3.2 million trademarks in force.
6. Global IP Trends: Worldwide, 3.55 million patent applications were filed in 2023, marking a 2.7% increase from 2022, with strong contributions from Asia. China, the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and India were major contributors, with a notable rise in resident filings, indicating a focus on local innovation.
36. India’s Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Set to Rise in 2024
Why in news?
According to a Global Carbon Project study, India’s carbon emissions from fossil fuels are expected to rise by 4.6% in 2024, the highest increase among major economies.
Findings of the study
1. In 2023, India’s CO2 emissions had seen a larger rise of 8.2%. The rise in emissions is due to increases from coal (4.5%), oil (3.6%), natural gas (11.8%, albeit from a low base), and cement (4%).
2. Global CO2 Emissions at Record Levels: Globally, fossil-based CO2 emissions are projected to reach a record high of 37.4 billion tonnes in 2024, marking a 0.8% increase from 2023.
3. At the current rate, there is a “50% chance” of global temperatures exceeding the 1.5ºC threshold in about six years, a target set to mitigate severe climate impacts.
Key Drivers of India’s Emissions Growth
1. India’s economic growth, coupled with extensive infrastructure development, has increased power demand and thus outpacing the growth in renewable energy.
2. As a result, the country’s reliance on coal and other fossil fuels remains high to meet rising energy needs.
Comparison with Other Major Economies
China’s CO2 emissions are projected to grow by 0.2% in 2024, while the United States and the European Union are expected to see increases of 0.6% and 3.8%, respectively.
India contributes 8% to global CO2 emissions, compared to China’s 32%, the United States’ 13%, and the European Union’s 7%.
Global Breakdown of CO2 Emissions by Source
1. Coal remains the largest source of emissions, accounting for 41% of the global total, with slight increases projected in India, China, and other regions, while decreases are expected in the EU and the USA.
2. Role of Carbon Sinks in CO2 Absorption: Land and Ocean Absorption Rates: Combined, land and ocean ecosystems absorb roughly half of the CO2 emissions from human activities.
Over the past decade, oceans have taken up around 10.5 billion tonnes (26%) of total emissions annually, despite facing reductions in CO2 uptake due to climate-related changes.
3. Impact of Climate Variability on Carbon Sinks: Ocean absorption has decreased by approximately 5.9% in the past decade due to factors like altered ocean circulation and reduced CO2 solubility in warmer waters.
In 2023, El Niño temporarily reduced the land CO2 sink due to warmer temperatures, but this effect is expected to subside with the end of El Niño in 2024.
37. Adaptive Defence
Why in news?
The government is adopting an “adaptive defence” approach to address new and evolving global threats, emphasizing that it is essential in today’s fast-paced world.
About Adaptive Defence
1. Adaptive defence is a strategic approach where a nation’s military and defence systems evolve continuously to counter emerging and unpredictable threats.
2. Proactive Preparedness: Unlike traditional reactive measures, it focuses on foreseeing potential challenges and preparing for them in advance.
3. Innovation-Driven: This strategy emphasizes innovation and flexibility, enabling forces to adapt swiftly to new types of threats.
Key Features of Adaptive Defence
1. Continuous Evolution: Defence mechanisms and military strategies are consistently updated to keep up with rapid global changes and new forms of warfare.
2. Transnational Solutions: Recognizes that threats today are often not limited to national boundaries; solutions, therefore, need international collaboration.
3. Mindset Shift: Encourages a proactive approach to defence that goes beyond immediate threats, fostering a culture of anticipation and preparedness.
Why is it Important
1. Unpredictable Global Threats: With the nature of threats evolving—be it cyber threats, transnational terrorism, or biosecurity, it is crucial for keeping pace.
2. Technological Advancements: Technological developments enable adversaries to utilize unconventional methods; adaptive defence ensures preparedness against these advancements.
3. Strategic Necessity: Given the fast-changing global landscape, adaptive defence is not just strategic but essential for national security.
Goals of Adaptive Defence
1. Enhance Resilience: Strengthen defence capabilities to remain resilient even in volatile and uncertain conditions.
2. Promote Innovation in Defence: Continuously incorporate cutting-edge technologies and strategies to ensure security systems are up-to-date.
3. Ensure Agility: Maintain a defence system that can quickly adjust to emerging threats and shifting geopolitical landscapes.
Implementation of Adaptive Defence in India
Strategic Collaboration: Collaboration with international allies to share intelligence and strategies.
Upgrading Technology: Investment in modern defence technologies, including AI, cyber defence, and space capabilities.
Enhanced Training: Military personnel are trained to be flexible, anticipating various scenarios and equipping them with adaptive thinking skills.
38. Significance of India’s PM visit to Nigeria
Why is PM Modi’s Visit to Nigeria Significant?
PM Modi’s visit to Nigeria is his first and comes after 17 years.
Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and second-largest economy.
India and Nigeria share historical ties as Commonwealth members. Both are large, multi-ethnic democracies facing similar challenges like governance, corruption, and terrorism.
What is the Current State of India-Nigeria Relations?
India is Nigeria’s second-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade at $7.9 billion, though it is half its peak a decade ago.
Over 150 Indian companies operate in Nigeria, investing $27 billion.
The Indian diaspora in Nigeria, numbering nearly 50,000, is the largest non-African group and contributes significantly to the economy.
India has no upstream hydrocarbon assets in Nigeria despite being a top buyer of Nigerian crude.
India channels its development assistance to Nigeria through the African Union, limiting direct bilateral engagement.
The last meeting of the bilateral joint commission took place after 13 years.
How Can India Help Nigeria?
Defense: Nigeria faces challenges like Boko Haram, piracy, and oil theft. India can offer defense supplies, training, and remote sensing technology to tackle terrorism (e.g., Boko Haram) and piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Seven Nigerian Presidents since 1960 were trained in India as defense officers.
Economic Stabilization: Nigeria faces foreign exchange shortages and inflation (32%). Strategic initiatives such as partnerships in hydrocarbon sectors and infrastructure development can help stabilize Nigeria’s economy. India can offer large financial facilitations and consider barter arrangements to ease Nigeria’s foreign exchange shortage.
Trade Enhancement: Bilateral trade stands at $7.9 billion, but India’s exports fell 29.7% in 2023-24. India can increase exports to Nigeria, including essential commodities like pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, and textiles, leveraging the potential for rupee-based trade to boost bilateral trade from the current $7.9 billion.
Capacity Building: Offering expertise in IT, healthcare, and education can support Nigeria’s infrastructure and human resource development.
What Lessons Can Be Drawn from History?
Historical links date back to the 1500s with Baba Ghor, a gem merchant from Kano, Nigeria, settling in Gujarat, India.
2. This shared history can inspire modern India-Nigeria relations to become stronger and mutually beneficial.
Way forward
India should enhance bilateral ties with Nigeria by leveraging its $27 billion investments and $7.9 billion trade relationship. Frequent high-level engagements, diaspora empowerment, and strategic initiatives in hydrocarbons, defense, and economic partnerships can boost trade. Supporting Nigeria’s reforms and offering rupee-based trade options will strengthen ties.
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